ࡱ> [bjbj4ΐΐONNNNNbbbb<b0*@@@@- 9+------$JQ-NAAAQNN@@~AFN@N@+A+@@CKb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http://www.maap.ru/library/book/200/" \l "Arch6" [1], 2 >B=>H5=8O A :>B>@K< >= 2ABC?05B 4;O C4>2;5B2>@5=8O A2>8E 107>2KE ?>B@51=>AB59, 2:;NG0O ?>B@51=>ABL 2 G5;>25G5A:>< :>=B0:B5 8 >1I5=88, GB>1K =5 B>;L:> =09B8 70I8BC 8 ?8B0=85, => @0AB8 8 CG8BLAO. 0:>2K 1K =8 1K;8 8AB>G=8:8 @07=>3;0A89, >A=>2=K< ?>;>65=85<, @0745;O5<K< @07;8G=K<8 B5G5=8O<8 2 H:>;5 >1J5:B=KE >B=>H5=89, 1K;> A;54CNI55: =525@=>, GB> @515=>: 2 ?5@2CN >G5@54L @C:>2>4AB2C5BAO 8=AB8=:B0<8, :0: 87=0G0;L=> D>@<C;8@>20;0 D@594>2A:0O M:>=><8G5A:0O B5>@8O =0 <0=5@ =0CG=>9 18>;>388 C<0 (Kohon1986). !:>@55 >= A @>645=8O >1;0405B 107>2>9 A?>A>1=>ABLN >1I0BLAO A> A2>59 <0B5@LN, 8;8 A >1J5:B><, :0: >=8 55 =07K20;8. "5@<8= >1J5:B O2;O5BAO B5E=8G5A:8< 8 ?5@2>=0G0;L=> 8A?>;L7>20;AO 2 ?A8E>0=0;875 4;O >1>7=0G5=8O 4@C3>3> G5;>25:0, A;C682H53> >1J5:B>< 8=AB8=:B82=KE 8<?C;LA>2. -B>B B5@<8= 8A?>;L7>20;AO B5>@5B8:0<8 >1J5:B=KE >B=>H5=89 42C<O @07=K<8 ?CBO<8: 1.;O >1>7=0G5=8O <>B820F89, :>B>@K5 @515=>: ?@8?8AK205B 4@C3><C, >1KG=> <0B5@8, => 2 459AB28B5;L=>AB8 >=8 >B=>AOBAO : >B45;L=K< ;8184>=>7=K< 8<?C;LA0<, :>B>@K5 O2;ONBAO =0 B>B <><5=B 0:B82=K<8 2=CB@8 A0<>3> @515=:0 2.;O >1>7=0G5=8O G5;>25:0 2 >:@C65=88 @515=:0 (A=>20 MB> >1KG=> <0BL), A :>B>@K< @515=>: 8I5B A2O78. G5284=>, >=8 <>3CB ?5@5A5:0BLAO, 8 3@0=8FK <564C 2=CB@5==8< 8 2=5H=8< 2>A?@8OB85< >1J5:B0 @0A?;K2G0BK5. -B> AB0=>28BAO >A>15==> >G5284=K<, 5A;8 ?>?KB0BLAO >?8A0BL ?5@56820=8O ?0F85=B0. ;59= AC<5;0 A>548=8BL MB8 420 273;O40, ?@54?>;>682, GB> 2 15AA>7=0B5;L=KE D0=B078OE @515=:0, 0 B0:65 2 8=D0=B8;L=KE D0=B078OE 27@>A;>3> A>45@60BAO 48=0<8G5A:85 >B=>H5=8O <564C A>1>9 8 4@C38< (8;8 >1J5:B><), :>B>@K9 ?@54AB02;5= 2=CB@8, :0: <>B828@>20==K9 8<?C;LA0<8, D0:B8G5A:8 A2O70==K<8 A 8=AB8=:B82=K<8 2;5G5=8O<8 (>@0;L=K<8, 0=0;L=K<8, C@5B0;L=K<8 8 B.?.). 0?@8<5@, B0:8< >1J5:B>< 4;O @515=:0 <>65B 1KBL <0B5@8=A:0O 3@C4L (8 B>340 A B5E=8G5A:>9 B>G:8 7@5=8O >=0 4>;6=0 1KBL =0720=0 G0AB8G=K< >1J5:B><, B.5. G0ABLN <0B5@8=A:>3> B5;0). 4=0:> :0G5AB2> >1I5=8O A @50;L=K<8 ;N4L<8 >?@545;O5B, 1C45B ;8 C @515=:0 ?@5>1;040BL 1>;55 ?>78B82=>5 8;8 1>;55 =530B82=>5 >B=>H5=85 A> 7=0G8<K<8 4@C38<8 8 8E 2=CB@5==8<8 >B@065=8O<8 A ?@O<K<8 ?>A;54AB28O<8 4;O ?>A;54CNI53> M<>F8>=0;L=>3> 8 8=B5;;5:BC0;L=>3> @0728B8O. ;59= ?@845@6820;0AL 273;O40, GB> @515=>: >B25BAB25=5= 70 ?@8?8AK20=85 4@C38< <>B820F89, :>B>@K5 D0:B8G5A:8 ?@8=04;560B 5<C A0<><C 8 2K@060NB 53> 8=AB8=:B82=K5 8<?C;LAK. &5=B@>< 3>@OG8E B5>@5B8G5A:8E 4510B>2 AB0; 2>?@>A, =04> ;8 @0AA<0B@820BL 2>A?@8OB85 >1J5:B0 :0: 2>A?@8OB85 @50;L=>3> G5;>25:0 2 @50;L=>9 A8BC0F88, 8;8 >1J5:B O2;O5BAO 8A:;NG8B5;L=> 2=CB@5==59 @5?@575=B0F859 A>1AB25==>3> 8=AB8=:B82=>3> @5?5@BC0@0 @515=:0.  B5 2@5<5=0 2 >=4>=5, :>340 H;8 MB8 4510BK ?> B5>@88 >1J5:B=KE >B=>H5=89, 4>:B>@ 09:; $>@4E0< 8 =5:>B>@K5 53> :>;;538- N=380=A:85 0=0;8B8:8 >A=>20;8 1I5AB2> =0;8B8G5A:>9 ?A8E>;>388 8 @07@01>B0;8 A8AB5<C >1CG5=8O 0=0;87C 4;O @01>BK A> 27@>A;K<8 8 ?>765 4;O @01>BK A 45BL<8. =8 A 8=B5@5A>< G8B0;8 <0B5@80;K =>259H8E ?A8E>0=0;8B8G5A:8E 8AA;54>20=89 8 =0G0;8 A>1AB25==K5 87KA:0=8O, ?KB02H85AO 2K@01>B0BL 045:20B=CN B5>@8N 45BA:>3> @0728B8O, A>>B25BAB2CNICN N=380=A:>9 B@048F88 8 2 B> 65 2@5<O A?>A>1=CN 2:;NG8BL ?>4E>4OI85 =>2K5 ?A8E>0=0;8B8G5A:85 >B:@KB8O 8 B5E=8:8, >A>15==> B5, GB> >B=>A8;8AL : @0==5<C 45BA:><C @0728B8N 8 ?5@5=>AC/:>=B@?5@5=>AC. ;59=, 8==8:>BB, 8>=: >=4>=A:0O H:>;0 >1J5:B=KE >B=>H5=89 5:>B>@K5 N=380=A:85 :;8=8F8ABK ?>AG8B0;8 :;59=80=A:85 @07@01>B:8 =081>;55 ?>4E>4OI8<8 4;O ?A8E>0=0;8B8G5A:>3> 8AA;54>20=8O @0==59 ?A8E8G5A:>9 687=8. ;59=80=A:0O :>=F5?F8O B5;0 8;8 >A=>20==KE =0 8=AB8=:B5 ?5@56820=89 2 :0G5AB25 :>@=O 2A5E ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E O2;5=89 8 ?@>F5AA>2 @57>=8@>20;0 A =0E>4:0<8 .=30, >B=>AOI8<8AO : 3;C18==> ?A8E>;>38G5A:8< AB@C:BC@0<, C:>@5=5==K< 2 8=AB8=:B82=KE ?5@56820=8OE 8 ?@54AB02;5==K< ?A8E8G5A:8 G5@57 0@E5B8?8G5A:85 >1@07K.  MB>< A<KA;5 B5>@8N .=30 <>6=> 1K;> A>548=8BL A @54C:B82=K< 273;O4>< =0 ?A8E8:C, ?>A:>;L:C >= 8AA;54>20;, B0:65 :0: 8 ;59=, :>@=8 A0<KE @0==8E D07 ?A8E8G5A:>9 687=8, A0<K5 @0==85 ?A8E8G5A:85 @5?@575=B0F88 8=AB8=:B82=>3> >?KB0. .=3 =07K20; MB8 ?A8E8G5A:85 >1@07K A2O70==>3> A B5;>< >?KB0 0@E5B8?8G5A:8<8 >1@070<8, B>340 :0: ;59= =07K20;0 8E G0AB8G=K<8 >1J5:B0<8. 5A<>B@O =0 @07;8G85 B5@<8=>;>388, >15 :>=F5?F88 >B=>AOBAO : @0==8< >B=>H5=8O< <564C A0<>ABLN 8 2=CB@5==8<8 @5?@575=B0F8O<8 @07;8G=KE DC=:F8>=0;L=KE A?>A>1=>AB59 <0B5@8. 0?@8<5@, =0 O7K:5 .=30 MB> 2K@060;>AL :0: ?5@56820=85 4C0;L=KE 0A?5:B>2 <0B5@8, B>340 :0: =0 :;59=80=A:>< O7K:5 MB> >?8AK20;>AL :0: ?5@56820=85 E>@>H59 8 ?;>E>9 3@C48. "0: GB> AG8B0;>AL, GB> G5;>25: 2>A?@8=8<05B <0BL/3@C4L (8;8 :>=5G=> 0=0;8B8:0) 8;8 :0: ;N1OICN, ?8B0NICN, 4>ABC?=CN 8;8 :0: >B@02;ONICN, =0?040NICN, >B25@30NICN, ;81> ?CABCN, 157CG0AB=CN 8 =5682CN. "0:8< >1@07><, 687=5==CN 206=>ABL 8<55B :0G5AB2> 2>A?@8OB8O G5;>25:>< DC=:F8>=8@>20=8O 4@C3>3> ?> >B=>H5=8N : A515.  B> 65 2@5<O N=3>2A:0O :>=F5?F8O >B=>A8BAO : A?>=B0==><C ?@>O2;5=8N 0@E5B8?8G5A:>3> 2>>1@065=8O :0: DC=:F88 A0<>AB8 8 53> @0728B8N =0 ?@>BO65=88 2A59 687=8. "0:8< >1@07><, >=> A?>A>1=> ?@8=>A8BL =>2K5 A<KA;K, :>B>@K5 <>3CB B2>@G5A:8 @072820BL G5;>25:0, ?@8>1I0O 53> : C=825@A0;L=K< :C;LBC@=K< A>:@>28I0<.  MB>< >B=>H5=88 53> :>=F5?F8O 1>30G5 8 A;>6=55, G5< :;59=80=A:0O :>=F5?F8O G0AB8G=>3> >1J5:B0, :>B>@0O 2 ACI=>AB8 >B=>A8BAO : @0==5<C <8@C ?0@0=>84=>/H87>84=>9 ?>78F88, ?@54H5AB2CNI5<C 4>AB865=8N ?>AB>O=AB20 >1J5:B0 2 45?@5AA82=>9 ?>78F88. .=3 2 A2>59 @01>B5 A> 27@>A;K<8 ?A8E>B8:0<8 8 ;59= 2 A2>59 @01>B5 A 4>-M48?>2K< @515=:>< 8AA;54>20;8 2 >A=>2=>< BC >1;0ABL 2 ?A8E8:5, :>B>@0O =5 2K@0605BAO ?>765 =0 M48?>2KE AB048OE 45BA:>3> @0728B8O, :>340 2 ?A8E8:5 @515=:0 <>3CB >4=>2@5<5==> C45@6820BLAO 8 E>@>H89 (70I8I0NI89, ?>445@6820NI89 8;8 ?8B0NI89) 8 ?;>E>9 (D@CAB@8@CNI89, 03@5AA82=K9 8;8 70?@5I0NI89) 0A?5:BK >4=>3> 8 B>3> 65 G5;>25:0. 'B>1K ?>:070BL ?>AB5?5==>5 4>AB865=85 MB>9 A?>A>1=>AB8, N=380=A:0O B5>@8O 8A?>;L7C5B B0:85 B5@<8=K :0: 8=B53@0F8O 8 A8=B57 ?@>B82>?>;>6=>AB59. ;59=80=A:0O B5>@8O 87>1@5;0 B5@<8= F5;K9 >1J5:B, GB>1K 2K@078BL MBC A?>A>1=>ABL C45@6820BL 2<5AB5 2 C<5 2 >4=> 8 B> 65 2@5<O ?>78B82=K5 8 =530B82=K5 ?5@56820=8O 8 >A>7=020BL 0<1820;5=B=K5 GC2AB20 : <0B5@8.  4;O .=30, 8 4;O ;59= MB> 7=0=85 =8:>340 =5 1K;> >:>=G0B5;L=> 4>AB868<K<, A:>@55 8=48284CC< 2A5340 :>;51;5BAO <564C 1>;LH59 8 <5=LH59 A?>A>1=>ABLN : B0:>9 8=B53@0F88. 0:CN 1K B5@<8=>;>38N 2K =5 2K1@0;8, .=3 8 ;59= 4>?CA:0;8 ACI5AB2>20=85 3;C18==KE 2=CB@5==8E ?A8E8G5A:8E AB@C:BC@, :>B>@K5 ?@O<> A2O70=K A A0<K<8 @0==8<8 18>;>38G5A:8<8 8 8=AB8=:B82=K<8 ?5@56820=8O<8 @515=:0, 2K@065==K<8 2 B5@<8=0E 0@E5B8?8G5A:8E D83C@ (.=3) 8;8 G0AB59 >1J5:B0 (;59=). 10 ?>=8<0;8, GB> ?5@56820=8O, 2>7=8:H85 87 MB8E 3;C18==KE 2@>645==KE AB@C:BC@, >?>A@54>20=K @50;L=K< >?KB>< 2 @50;L=>< >:@C65=88 G5@57 459AB28O :>@<;5=8O 8 CE06820=8O A> AB>@>=K =0E>4OI59AO @O4>< <0B5@8. A>10O ?@82;5:0B5;L=>ABL ;59= 4;O >=4>=A:8E N=380=F52, :>B>@K5 E>B5;8 2:;NG8BL 0=0;87 8=D0=B8;L=>3> <0B5@80;0 2 A2>N ?@0:B8:C, 1K;0 A2O70=0 A @01>B>9 A 45BL<8, ?@>45;0==>9 5N, GB>1K ?>=OBL 0:B82=>ABL @0==8E ?A8E8G5A:8E AB0489 2 ?5@56820=8OE 27@>A;KE ?0F85=B>2. A=>2=>9 2:;04 2 ?A8E>0=0;87 ;59= A45;0;0 @07@01>B:>9 83@>2>9 B5E=8:8 (19201, 1955), 040?B0F859 8 8A?>;L7>20=85< B@048F8>==>9 ?A8E>0=0;8B8G5A:>9 B5E=8:8 : ;5G5=8N <0;5=L:8E 45B59. >A:>;L:C 2 ?A8E>0=0;8B8G5A:>9 >1AB0=>2:5 >=4>=0 <>6=> 1K;> 1>;55 A2>1>4=> @072820BL 55 8458, G5< 2 5=5 8;8 5@;8=5, ;59= @07@01>B0;0 <5B>4 0=0;870 45B59 G5@57 =01;N45=85 8E 83@K, GB> ?>72>;8;> 59 2=5AB8 7=0G8B5;L=K9 2:;04 2 ?A8E>0=0;8B8G5A:>5 ?>=8<0=85 @0==8E 45BA:8E ?A8E8G5A:8E AB0489. !2>8 2K2>4K >=0 45;0;0 87 0=0;8B8G5A:>9 @01>BK A 45BL<8, 2 :>B>@>9 @515=>: >@30=87>2K20; A2>8 ?5@56820=8O 8 ?@>F5AAK, ?A8E8G5A:85 8 D878G5A:85, 2 B5@<8=0E <>B820F89, >B=>AOI8EAO : B5;C 8;8 G0ABO< B5;0, =0E>4OI8<AO 8;8 2=CB@8 =53> 8;8 2 <0B5@8. =0 =07K20;0 8E15AA>7=0B5;L=K<8D0=B078O<8, 345 ph ?>72>;O;> >B;8G8BL 8E >B D0=B0789, ?@>87=>A8<KE G5@57 f 8 >B=>AOI8EAO : 4>ABC?=K< 4;O A>7=0=8O ?A8E8G5A:8< A>45@60=8O<, B0:8< :0: 3@57K (Isaacs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lein1946). 515=>: =54>AB0B>G=> D878G5A:8 @0728B, GB>1K A0<><C ?@>O2;OBL A;>6=K5, 8=B53@0;L=K5 8 040?B82=K5 459AB28O =0 D878G5A:>< C@>2=5, 8 7028A8< 2 D878G5A:>< 2K6820=88 8 70I8I5==>AB8 >B 4@C38E ;N459. A8E8G5A:89 0??0@0B @515=:0 B0:65 =54>AB0B>G=> @0728B, GB>1K 157 ?><>I8 4@C3>3> G5;>25:0 A0<><C C?@02;OBL ?A8E8G5A:8<8 7040G0<8, 045:20B=K<8 4;O A0<>70I8BK, B0:8<8 :0: <KH;5=85, 2>A?@8OB85, M<>F8>=0;L=K9 >B1>@ 8 0=0;87. ;59= ?>=8<0;0, GB> 4;O B>3>, GB>1K >@30=87>20BL A2>8 ?A8E8G5A:85 8 D878G5A:85 2?5G0B;5=8O, :>B>@K5 <>3CB >:070BLAO =0AB>;L:> <>I=K<8, GB> 1C4CB C3@>60BL @07@CH8BL 8;8 4578=B53@8@>20BL 53> >ICI5=85 A51O, <;045=5F 2 B8?8G=>< A;CG05 ?>?KB0;AO 1K CAB0=>28BL 2 A515 @C48<5=B0@=CN ?A8E8G5A:CN >@30=870F8N, >A>15==> 5A;8 @O4>< A =8< =5045:20B=0O <0BL. @>F5AAK, ?>A@54AB2>< :>B>@KE <>65B 2>7=8:=CBL MB0 >@30=870F8O, 2:;NG0NB B0:85 ?A8E8G5A:85 70I8BK :0: @0AI5?;5=85, 8450;870F8O 8 845=B8D8:0F8O.  ACI=>AB8, 8<5==> 87-70 B>3>, GB> @0==55 ?A8E8G5A:>5 @0728B85 @515=:0 O2;O5BAO @C48<5=B0@=K< 8, A;54>20B5;L=>, =5CAB>9G82K< : B><C 2;8O=8N 87=CB@8 8;8 A=0@C68, :>B>@>5 <>65B 2K720BL =52K=>A8<K5 A>AB>O=8O B@52>38 8 4578=B53@0F88, 2KB5:05B =5>1E>48<>ABL =09B8 A?>A>1 >@30=870F88 A2>53> 2>A?@8OB8O (A0<>3> A51O 8;8 <0B5@8 8;8 4@C38E M;5<5=B>2 >:@C65=8O) 2 B5@<8=0E E>@>H8E 8 ?;>E8E 0A?5:B>2. .=380=FK ?@82K:;8 @07<KH;OBL > =5:>B>@KE =58=B53@8@>20==KE ?A8E8G5A:8E A>AB>O=8OE, :0: > @0AI5?;5==KE 0A?5:B0E 0@E5B8?0, 8 8A?>;L7>20BL :>=F5?F8N :><?5=A0F88 4;O >1>7=0G5=8O 5AB5AB25==>9 B5=45=F88 ?A8E8:8 ?KB0BLAO C45@6820BL ?@>B82>?>;>6=>AB8 2 8E 2708<>459AB288 4@C3 A 4@C3><. B:@KB8O ;59=, A45;0==K5 87 55 :;8=8G5A:>9 @01>BK A 45BL<8, 1K;8 ?@8=OBK B5<8 N=380=F0<8, :>B>@K5 E>B5;8 ?@82=5AB8 ?>=8<0=85 @0==8E ?A8E8G5A:8E A>AB>O=89 8 ?@>F5AA>2 =5?>A@54AB25==> 2 A2>N :;8=8G5A:CN ?@0:B8:C. ;59= ?>:070;0, GB> 2 7028A8<>AB8 >B @07;8G=KE >1AB>OB5;LAB2 E>@>H85 8 ?;>E85 ?5@56820=8O 2>A?@8=8<0;8AL @515=:><, :0: >B=>AOI85AO : 2=5H=5<C 8;8 2=CB@5==5<C <8@C G5@57 ?@>F5AAK 845=B8D8:0F88, 2:;NG02H85 ?@>5:F8N 8 8=B@>5:F8N. !;54>20B5;L=>, 5A;8 @515=>: 2845; 8AB>G=8: E>@>H8E GC2AB2 2=CB@8 A51O, B> 8AB>G=8: ?;>E8E GC2AB2 ?@>5F8@>20;AO 8 >B>645AB2;O;AO A <0B5@LN, 8;8 A G0ABO< 55 B5;0, B0:8<8 :0: 3@C4L. 4=0:> ?;>E85 GC2AB20 <>3CB 1KBL A=>20 ?><5I5=K (@58=B@>5F8@>20=K =0 :;59=80=A:>< O7K:5) 2=CB@8 A51O G5@57 ?>A;54CNI89 ?@>F5AA 845=B8D8:0F88. =8 <>3CB ?5@56820BLAO :0: GC2AB2> ?@5A;54>20=8O 8 ?@825AB8 : 40;L=59H5<C @0AI5?;5=8N E>@>H8E 8 ?;>E8E GC2AB2, ?@82>4O 4065 : 1>;LH59 ?@>5:B82=>-@58=B@>5:B82=>9 0:B82=>AB8. %0@0:B5@ @50:F89 >:@C60NI8E =0 MB8 4@0<0B8G5A:85 A>AB>O=8O =0@O4C A A>1AB25==>9 A?>A>1=>ABLN @515=:0 : A0<>@53C;OF88, >?@545;O;8 1K 53> B5=45=F8N : =>@<0;L=><C 8 040?B82=><C 8;8 ?0B>;>38G5A:><C 8 1>;57=5==><C @0728B8N.  B5@<8=0E ;59= MB> >?@545;O;> 1K 1>;LH89 8;8 <5=LH89 :>=B@>;L 8 AB5?5=L >2;045=8O 8=AB8=:B>< A<5@B8, 8=AB8=:B><, :>B>@K9 ?KB05BAO @07@CH8BL E>@>H85 G0AB8 A51O. .=380=A:0O <>45;LM=0=B8>4@><88?@54?>;0305B =5>6840==>5 ?@52@0I5=85 >4=>3> A>AB>O=8O 2 ?@>B82>?>;>6=>5 ?@8 >?@545;5==KE >1AB>OB5;LAB20E, 8 B5@<8=B5=LG0AB> 8A?>;L7C5BAO 4;O >1>7=0G5=8O =530B82=KE 0A?5:B>2 A0<>AB8, >B :>B>@KE A0<>ABL ?KB05BAO >B<56520BLAO 8, A;54>20B5;L=>, ?@>5F8@C5B =0 4@C38E. E>@>H89 2=5H=89/@50;L=K9---+-- 2=CB@5==89/0@E5B8?8G5A:89 ?;>E>9 8A.1. .=380=A:>-:;59=80=A:0O <>45;L @0AI5?;5=8O 0@E5B8?8G5A:8E/@50;L=KE >1J5:B>2. ;59= @07@01>B0;0 ?@54AB02;5=85 >?0@0=>84=>/H87>84=>9?>78F884;O >?8A0=8O B>3>, GB> ?@>8AE>48B, 5A;8 @515=>: GC2AB2C5B AB@0E @07@CH5=8O F5;>AB=>AB8 A2>59 A0<>AB8 :0: ?A8E>A><0B8G5A:>9 A8AB5<K. !>>B25BAB2CNI0O B@52>30, GB> A0<>ABL 1C45B 70B>?;5=0 =530B82=K<8 0DD5:B0<8, ?@82>48B : 03@5AA82=K< 8<?C;LA0<, =0?@02;5==K< =0 8AB>G=8: ?;>E8E GC2AB2, :><C 1K >=8 =5 ?@8=04;560;8. =AB8=:B A<5@B8 B0:8< >1@07>< ?5@568205BAO :0: 03@5AA82=K5 8<?C;LAK, =0?@02;5==K5 2=CB@L A51O. 5AB@C:B82=K5, A2O70==K5 A 7028ABLN, 0A?5:BK A0<>AB8 >BI5?;O;8AL 1K 2 B0:8E A;CG0OE >B 701>B;82KE, ;N1OI8E >1@07>2 A51O, ?@82>4O : AB@0EC, GB> 8AB>G=8: 4>1@0 <>65B 1KBL @07@CH5=. 0I8B>9 >B ?>4>1=KE A8;L=KE =530B82=KE ?5@56820=89 1C45B @0AI5?;5=85 A0<>AB8 8;8 @0AI5?;5=85 >1@070 <0B5@8 =0 B>;L:> E>@>H85 8;8 B>;L:> ?;>E85 G5@BK, :0: ?>:070=> =0 @8AC=:5 1. ;59= @07@01>B0;0 ?@54AB02;5=85 > A;54CNI59 AB0488, =0720==>9 5945?@5AA82=>9?>78F859, =0 :>B>@>9 @515=>: A<>3 1K ?5@56820BL GC2AB20 @0A:0O=8O 8 >701>G5==>AB8 ?>A;54AB28O<8 03@5AA82=KE =0?045=89 =0 <0BL 8;8 55 2=CB@5==NN @5?@575=B0F8N. -B> ?@>8AE>48B, :>340 @515=>: 4>AB8305B ?>=8<0=8O, GB> 53> ;N1>2L 8 =5=028ABL 1K;8 =0?@02;5=K =0 >4=>3> 8 B>3> 65 G5;>25:0. 5@56820=85 G5;>25:0 :0: F5;>3> 2K7K205B GC2AB2> 0<1820;5=B=>AB8 8 AB@5<;5=85 2>AAB0=>28BL ?>2@5645==>3> 4@C3>3>, >A=>20==>5 =0 15AA>7=0B5;L=>9 28=5. :F5=B =0 0DD5:B0E, ?5@568205<KE 2 A2O78 A 206=>9 DC=:F859 <0B5@8 8;8 >1J5:B0, ?@825; : ?@87=0=8N ;59= 2 :0G5AB25 3;02K 1@8B0=A:>9 H:>;K >1J5:B=KE >B=>H5=89. ">G=> B0:65 :0: N=3>2A:0O B5>@8O @0AA<0B@820;0 0@E5B8?8G5A:85 >1@07K :0: 2@>645==K5 D83C@K, 40NI85 2 ?5@A>=8D8F8@>20==>9 D>@<5 ?A8E8G5A:CN @5?@575=B0F8N 0DD5:B82=>-=03@C65==KE 8=AB8=:B82=KE ?5@56820=89, ;59= 2845;0 2 :0G5AB25 8AB>G=8:0 0DD5:B>2 2=CB@5==85 @5?@575=B0F88 <0B5@8 8;8 G0AB59 55 B5;0, =0?@8<5@, 3@C48. ?KB @515=:0 A @50;L=K< G5;>25:>< @0AA<0B@820;AO ;59= :0: 2B>@8G=K9 ?> >B=>H5=8N : 2@>645==K< :>=F5?F8O< 8 ?5@56820=8O<, :>B>@K5 5ABL C @515=:0 2 >B=>H5=88 B5E 0A?5:B>2 <0B5@8, A :>B>@K<8 @515=>: 8=AB8=:B82=> 2708<>459AB2C5B 2 ;N1>9 >B45;L=K9 <><5=B 2@5<5=8. 0?@8<5@, 5A;8 4><8=8@CNB >@0;L=K5 ?>B@51=>AB8, B>340 D0=B0788 @515=:0 1K;8 1K > 3@C48 8 @B5. 5A<>B@O =0 ?>=8<0=85 206=>AB8 :0G5AB20 2708<>459AB28O A <0B5@LN, 0:F5=B ;59= =0 8=AB8=:B82=KE >A=>20=8OE 2708<>459AB28O A 4@C38<8 >7=0G0;, GB> >=0 2>>1I5 =5 2E>48;0 2 G8A;> B5>@5B8:>2 H:>;K >1J5:B=KE >B=>H5=89, B.:. ?@8>@8B5B 55 @01>BK 1K; 1>;LH5 2 48=0<8:5 2=CB@5==53> <8@0 @515=:0, 0 =5 2> 2=5H=8E >B=>H5=8OE. A=>2=>9 4>3<0B N=3>2A:>3> B5>@5B8G5A:>3> ?>4E>40 >B=>A8;AO : 206=>AB8 :0G5AB20 2=5H=53> >?>A@54>20=8O @0==8E ?5@56820=89. -B> B0:65 >B=>A8;>AL : ?@87=0=8N 206=>AB8 :0G5AB20 2708<>459AB289 =0 A5AA8OE <564C 0=0;8B8:>< 8 ?0F85=B><. .=3 <=>3> ?8A0; > =5:>B>@KE 0A?5:B0E ?5@5=>A0 8 :>=B@?5@5=>A0 8 2 :;8=8G5A:>< :>=B5:AB5 (!W16) 8 2 >1@07=>< :>=B5:AB5, 8AA;54CO 0;E8<8G5A:>5 2>>1@065=85 (CW14). 4=0:TVXZ\^HJNPXZ\^HJğĀĀĀcDcDĀDĀ=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmH nHphfffsH tH9hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JmHnHphfffsHtH=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmHnHphfffsHtHIhh56B*CJOJPJQJ\]^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH0hhCJOJPJQJaJmHnHsHtHChh5B*CJ$OJPJQJ\^JaJ$mHnHphfffsHtHVZ^Z^Jx"%&%00$Rddd@&[$\$^Ra$gd$ddd[$\$`a$gd$ddd[$\$a$gdddd[$\$gd$ddd[$\$a$gd $da$gdJvx %"%$%&%0000F9H9J9L9::۽ffffI9hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JmHnHphfffsHtH=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmH nHphfffsH tH0hhCJOJPJQJaJmHnHsHtH=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH:hh5CJ0KH$OJPJQJ\aJ0mHnHsHtHGhh5B*CJKH$OJPJQJ\^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH0H9L9*A.AHH PPVV._2_pdtd.f2fg gnn.r$ddd[$\$^a$gd$ddd[$\$^`a$gd$ddd[$\$`a$gd:::<<<<(A*A,A.AHHHHOOP P PPPVVVV]iiݡii=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmH nHphfffsH tH0hhCJOJPJQJaJmHnHsHtH=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH9hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JmHnHphfffsHtHChh6B*CJOJPJQJ]^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH]]]]]],_._0_2_aaandpdrdtdxdzddd,f.f0f2f6f8f>f@fܽܞܽfIfIIfII9hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JmHnHphfffsHtH=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmH nHphfffsH tH0hhCJOJPJQJaJmHnHsHtH<hh>*B*CJOJPJQJ^JmHnHphsHtH=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmHnHphfffsHtHFjhhB*CJOJPJQJU^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH@fgg g gnnnn,r.r0r2rNwPwRwwwXZ\^ҔԔ֔ؔǨǨDŽfǨǨǨǨ:hh5CJ0KH$OJPJQJ\aJ0mHnHsHtHGhh5B*CJKH$OJPJQJ\^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmH nHphfffsH tH0hhCJOJPJQJaJmHnHsHtH=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH".r2rRwwZ^ԔؔdhDL,6<$Rddd@&[$\$^Ra$gd$ddd[$\$`a$gdКޚTV  6:BDbdfh|]|]|]|D]D||]|D]D0hhCJOJPJQJaJmHnHsHtH=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmH nHphfffsH tH=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmHnHphfffsHtHIhh56B*CJOJPJQJ\]^JaJmHnHphfffsHtHChh6B*CJOJPJQJ]^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH9hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JmHnHphfffsHtHh.0 "BDJL*,ááfFfF?hh5B*CJOJPJQJ\^JmHnHphfffsHtHChh5B*CJOJPJQJ\^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH0hhCJOJPJQJaJmHnHsHtHChh6B*CJOJPJQJ]^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH9hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JmHnHphfffsHtH=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH46:<BD\^nhhIhhII=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmH nHphfffsH tHChh6B*CJOJPJQJ]^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH9hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JmHnHphfffsHtH0hhCJOJPJQJaJmHnHsHtH=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH?hh6B*CJOJPJQJ]^JmHnHphfffsHtH:>  nrx&&0+4+$Rddd@&[$\$^Ra$gd$ddd[$\$`a$gdJL8:<>    lnprvxgggChh6B*CJOJPJQJ]^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH0hhCJOJPJQJaJmHnHsHtHU9hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JmHnHphfffsHtH=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmH nHphfffsH tH=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH'> .=3 =5 8AA;54>20; 3;C1>:> 8=D0=B8;L=>5 A>45@60=85 >B=>H5=89 0=0;8B8:0 8 ?0F85=B0. =>385 ;>=4>=A:85 N=380=FK =0H;8 :;8=8G5A:89 ?>4E>4 8==8:>BB0 : A;>6=K< 8 GC2AB28B5;L=K< >B=>H5=8O< @515=:0 8 <0B5@8, ?0F85=B0 8 0=0;8B8:0, >A>15==> E>@>H> ?>4E>4OI8< 4;O A2>59 0=0;8B8G5A:>9 ?@0:B8:8. =5=85 8==8:>BB0, GB> A0<>ABL @0728205BAO 2 >B=>H5=8OE A 4@C38< G5;>25:><, ?>E>65 >B@060;> N=380=A:CN B>G:C 7@5=8O, GB> @0728B85 A0<>AB8 8 4@C38E 0@E5B8?8G5A:8E ?>B5=F80;>2 >?>A@54>20=> 2708<>459AB285< A D0:B>@0<8 >:@C65=8O, 2:;NG0O 206=KE 2>A?8B0B5;59, 0 B0:65 0=0;8B8:0. 0: 3>2>@8; 8==8:>BB: =5B B0:>9 HBC:8 :0: @515=>:, GB> >7=0G05B, GB> 5A;8 2K E>B8B5 >?8A0BL @515=:0, B> 2K 2A5340 1C45B5 >?8AK20BL @515=:0 8 5I5 :>3>-B>. 515=>: =5 ACI5AB2C5B 2 >48=>G5AB25, >= G0ABL >B=>H5=89... (1964, A. 88) -B0 7=0<5=8B0O D@070 ?>:07K20;0 206=>ABL, :>B>@CN >= ?@84020; B><C, GB> ?@>8AE>48B ?@8 2AB@5G5 @515=:0 A 4@C38< G5;>25:>< 2 ?@>AB@0=AB25, :>B>@>5 >= =07K20; B@5BL59 >1;0ABLN, <564C ?5@56820=85< A>1AB25==>9 :@50B82=>AB8 8 >ICI5=85< A2O70==>AB8. >4 =59 >= ?>4@07C<520; ACI5AB2>20=85 >1;0AB8 >?KB0, :>B>@0O =5 O2;O5BAO =8 2=CB@5==59 =8 2=5H=59. !:>@55 MB> ?>B5=F80;L=>5 ?@>AB@0=AB2>, =0?@8<5@, <564C @515=:>< 8 <0B5@LN, 2 :>B>@>< A> 2@5<5=5< A>7405BAO >1I0O 7=0G8<0O @50;L=>ABL. 8==8:>BB >A>15==> 8=B5@5A>20;AO @>;LN 83@K 8 8;;N788 2 @0728B88 A0<>AB8 8 55 A?>A>1=>ABLN : 2>>1@065=8N 8 B2>@G5AB2C. = AG8B0;, GB> 8<5==> G5@57 A?>=B0==K5 ?@>O2;5=8O 83@K @0728205BAO >ICI5=85 A51O 2 >B=>H5=8OE A 4@C38<.  B8?8G=>9 4;O =53> ?0@04>:A0;L=>9 D>@<C;8@>2:5, 8==8:>BB ?@54;>68; 273;O4, GB> 8AB8==0O A0<>ABL 8=48284CC<0, >ICI5=85 A2>59 C=8:0;L=>AB8 8 @50;L=>AB8 2>7=8:05B ?>A@54AB2>< 8;;N788, :>340 2=CB@5==89 <8@ 2AB@5G05BAO 8 AF5?;O5BAO A 2=5H=8< <8@><, 8 :>340 3@0=8FK <564C =8<8 @07<K20NBAO. >MB><C :0G5AB2> 8;;N788 @515=:0, GB> >= A>740; 3@C4L, ?>B><C GB> 3@C4L ?>O28;0AL ?5@54 =8< 2 B>B <><5=B, (8;8 2 N=380=A:8E B5@<8=0E, :>340 ?>B5=F80;L=0O A?>A>1=>ABL ?5@56820BL 0@E5B8?8G5A:89 >1@07 70459AB2>20=0 >4=>2@5<5==> A @50;L=K< ?5@56820=85< @50;L=>3> >1J5:B0) 7028A8B >B A>>B25BAB28O >:@C60NI8E CA;>289, >B A?>A>1=>AB8 4>AB0B>G=> E>@>H59 <0B5@8 >B25G0BL =0 1573@0=8G=K5 ?>B@51=>AB8 A2>53> @515=:0. A;8 A?>=B0==K5 ?@>O2;5=8O @515=:0 =5 2AB@5G0NB M<?0B8G5A:>3> >B:;8:0 A> AB>@>=K <0B5@8 87-70 B>3>, GB> 2 MB>B <><5=B C =55, =0?@8<5@, 45?@5AA82=>5 8;8 B@52>6=>5 A>AB>O=85, B>340 @515=>:, 2>7<>6=>, 1C45B ?5@56820BL @0A:>; 2 >ICI5=88 A2>59 @072820NI59AO A0<>AB8. A;8 B0:85 =530B82=K5 ?5@56820=8O A> 2@5<5=5< =0:0?;820NBAO 2 1>;LH>< :>;8G5AB25, B> @515=>: 1C45B 2>72>48BL 70I8BK G5@57 87;8H=NN 040?B0F8N : MB><C 2=5H=5<C 402;5=8N. "0:8< >1@07><, 4;O >1@0I5=8O A 2=5H=8< <8@>< A>7405BAO ;>6=0O A0<>ABL, ?>A@54AB2>< :>B>@>9 8AB8==0O A0<>ABL 70I8I05BAO >B 0==838;OF88 8;8 D@03<5=B0F88. 8==8:>BB @0745;O; N=3>2A:89 B5;5>;>38G5A:89 273;O4 =0 G5;>25G5A:CN ?@8@>4C. 3> >A=>2=0O ?>AK;:0 1K;0 2 B><, GB> ?@8 4>AB0B>G=> E>@>H5< >:@C65=88 @515=>: 8<5; 1K H0=A @072820BLAO, @0AB8 8 1KBL B2>@G5A:8<, =5A<>B@O =0 =587156=K5 =5C40G8 8 D@CAB@0F88 2 >:@C60NI8E CA;>28OE. -B>B 273;O4 ?@87=020;, GB> 2 7=0G8B5;L=>9 <5@5 D878G5A:0O 8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:0O 70I8B0 @515=:0 7028A8B >B A?>A>1=>AB8 53> <0B5@8 =59B@0;87>20BL 2@54=K5 2=CB@5==85 8 2=5H=85 AB8<C;K. -B8 A?>A>1=>AB8 2> 27@>A;>< 2>A?8B0B5;5 >A=>20=K =0 ?@>F5AA0E 845=B8D8:0F88. 4=0:> ?@8 045:20B=>9 A?>A>1=>AB8 : M<?0B88, :>B>@0O A0<0 1K;0 1K ?@>4C:B>< 4>AB0B>G=> E>@>H53> >:@C65=8O, 27@>A;K9 2>A?8B0B5;L 8A?>;L7>20; 1K ?>4>1=K5 B5E=8:8 B>=:>3> ?>=8<0=8O B0:8< >1@07><, GB>1K ?><>GL @515=:C 2K=5AB8 =587156=K5 D@CAB@0F88 2 @0728B88 8 >B:@KBL B2>@G5A:85 @5H5=8O 4;O ?@>F5AA>2 27@>A;5=8O, A :>B>@K<8 B>B AB0;:8205BAO. > <5@5 B>3> :0: @072820;0AL 8 C3;C1;O;0AL :;8=8G5A:0O ?@0:B8:0 2 A5@548=5 MB8E 45AOB8;5B89 2 >=4>=5, AB0BCA MB8E :>=F5?F89 2 2845 2=CB@5==8E 8 2=5H=8E >1J5:B>2 AB0=>28;AO 2A5 2KH5. 5:>B>@K5 ;>=4>=A:85 N=380=FK >A>15==> 8=B5@5A>20;8AL 2:;04>< #8;D@840 8>=0, :>B>@K9 A:>=F5=B@8@>20; A2>5 >A=>2=>5 2=8<0=85 =0 B5<0E, >B=>AOI8EAO : >A=>20=8O< <KH;5=8O 8 >1@07>20=8O A<KA;>2 8 : 8=B5@AC1J5:B82=>AB8 ?0F85=B0 8 0=0;8B8:0. 8>= ?>:070;, :0: @0==85 D>@<K :><<C=8:0F88, >A=>20==K5 =0 ?@>5:B82=>9 845=B8D8:0F88, <>3CB 1KBL ?>=OBK :0: =>@<0;L=K5 D>@<K M<?0B8G5A:8E ?@>F5AA>2 <564C @515=:>< 8 2>A?8B0B5;5<. @>5:B82=0O 845=B8D8:0F8O 1K;0 A?5F80;L=K< B5@<8=>< :;59=80=F52 4;O >1>7=0G5=8O 03@5AA82=KE ?>?KB>: =02O70BL G0ABL A51O 4@C3><C, GB>1K 70E20B8BL 8 :>=B@>;8@>20BL 0A?5:B 53> <KH;5=8O 8 ?>2545=8O, >A>15==> 2 >B=>H5=88 A51O. =CB@8 4804K @515=>:-<0BL 8>= 2K45;O; 206=>ABL A?>A>1=>AB8 <0B5@8:>=B59=8@>20BLG0AB> 27@K2>>?0A=K5 D878G5A:85 8 M<>F8>=0;L=K5 A>AB>O=8O 2 @515=:5 G5@57 M<?0B8G5A:85 @50:F88. :;04 8>=0 A45;0; 2>7<>6=K< ?>O2;5=85 =>2KE A?>A>1>2 ?>=8<0=8O =5:>B>@KE 0A?5:B>2 ?5@5=>A0 8 :>=B@?5@5=>A0 2 A8BC0F88, :>340 0=0;8B8: >1=0@C68205B A51O @5038@CNI8< =0 ?0F85=B0 B0:, GB> MB> >B@0605B A?@>5F8@>20==>5 =0 =53> A>45@60=85 2=CB@5==53> <8@0 ?0F85=B0.  ?>74=8E D>@<C;8@>2:0E, 8>= @0AA<0B@820; ?@>5:B82=CN 845=B8D8:0F8N 2 48=0<8G5A:8E 8=B@>?A8E8G5A:8E B5@<8=0E, 345 G0AB8 A51O @0AA<0B@820;8AL :0: 254CI85 A51O 02B>=><=K< >1@07><. 0?@8<5@, =565;0B5;L=K5 0A?5:BK A51O <>3CB 1KBL A?@>5F8@>20=K =0 2=5H=85 >1J5:BK, 70B5< 845=B8D8F8@>20=K 8 @58=B@>5F8@>20=K, :0: ?@5A;54CNI85 8 ?@8=>AOI85 2@54 035=BK. ">G=> B0:65 :0: @01>B0 .=30 A ?A8E>B8:0<8 ?@825;0 53> : D>@<C;8@>2:5 ?>=OB8O 02B>=><=KE :><?;5:A>2, @01>B0 8>=0 (1957) A ?A8E>B8G5A:8<8 ?@>F5AA0<8 2 ?0F85=B0E ?@825;0 53> : @0AA<>B@5=8N B5>@88 2=CB@5==8E >1J5:B>2 :0: @0AI5?;5==KE 0A?5:B>2 A0<>AB8, :>B>@K5 >1@5B0NB A0<>AB>OB5;L=CN 687=L. '5@57 ?@>F5AA :>=B59=8@>20=8O, :>340 2>A?8B0B5;L ?@8=8<05B 8 040?B8@C5B ?A8E8G5A:85 A>45@60=8O, A?@>5F8@>20==K5 @515=:><, MB8 M;5<5=BK AB0=>2OBAO 4>ABC?=K<8 4;O 40;L=59H59 B@0=AD>@<0F88. >4>1=K5 0A?5:BK @01>BK 8>=0 ?@82;5:0;8 N=380=F52, 8=B5@5ACNI8EAO ?A8E>0=0;8B8G5A:8<8 B5>@8O<8 @0728B8O <KH;5=8O C @515=:0, ?>A:>;L:C ?@54;030;8 1>;LH55 ?>=8<0=85 ?@>F5AA>2 >1@07>20=8O A<KA;>2. -<>F8>=0;L=0O A2O7L 2 0=0;8B8G5A:>< A5BB8=35: ?5@5=>A 8 :>=B@?5@5=>A "5>@5B8G5A:0O @07@01>B:0 B>=:8E 4>25@10;L=KE :><<C=8:0F89, =01;N405<KE A A0<KE @0==8E 4=59 687=8 @515=:0, :>B>@K5 >B@060NB 87<5=5=8O 2 53> A?>A>1=>AB8 M<>F8>=0;L=> 2708<>459AB2>20BL A> A2>8< 2>A?8B0B5;5<, 2A5 1>;LH5 ?>=8<0;0AL, :0: ?@8<5=8<0O : A0<>9 0=0;8B8G5A:>9 B5E=8:5 8 : :;8=8G5A:>9 @>;8 :>=B@?5@5=>A0 0=0;8B8:0 2 >B25B =0 ?@8<8B82=K5 4>25@10;L=K5 :><<C=8:0F88 ?0F85=B0. -B0 >1;0ABL ?A8E>0=0;8B8G5A:8E 8AA;54>20=89 1K;0 1;87:0 N=380=A:><C 8=B5@5AC : A>AB>O=8O< <8AB8G5A:>3> A>CG0AB8O 8 B>=:>3> B5;0 - 20@80=B0< CG0AB8O 0=0;8B8:0 2 >B=>H5=8OE A ?0F85=B><. 7-70 ?5@5<5= 2 A>AB>O=8OE A>GC2AB28O 8;8 =5?@8OB8O, 1;87>AB8 8;8 >B45;5=8O, 2 >B=>H5=8OE A ?0F85=B><, 0=0;8B8: 1>;LH5 =5 1K; =59B@0;L=K< 75@:0;><, GLO B5E=8:0 A2>1>4=> ?;020NI53> 2=8<0=8O 8A?>;L7>20;0AL 4;O >1>A=>20=8O =52>2;5G5==>AB8 2> 2=CB@5==89 <8@ ?0F85=B0. "5?5@L 206=>9 G0ABLN B5E=8:8 AG8B0;>AL B>, GB> 0=0;8B8: 4>AB0B>G=> 4>ABC?5= 2;8O=8N ?0F85=B0 (=> :>=5G=> =5 =0AB>;L:>, GB>1K ?>AB@040BL >B =53>). 06=0O :;8=8G5A:0O 8=D>@<0F8O, A>1@0==0O 1;03>40@O 4>ABC?=>AB8 8 ?0F85=B0 8 0=0;8B8:0 :><<C=8:0F8O< <564C =8<8, 1K;0 :>=F5?BC0;878@>20=0 2 @07;8G=K5 D>@<K ?5@5=>A0 8 :>=B@?5@5=>A0. 1@0I0OAL : >B:@KB8O< 2 ?A8E>0=0;8B8G5A:>9 B5>@88 8 :;8=8G5A:>9 ?@0:B8:5, MB8 ;>=4>=A:85 N=380=FK 8=B5@5A>20;8AL ?>=8<0=85< @0728B8O, :0: >:070;>AL, >A=>20==>< =0 :;8=8G5A:>< 8 B5>@5B8G5A:>< ?>4B25@645=88 N=3>2A:>3> 4C0;L=>3> 0:F5=B0 =0 2=CB@5==8E AB@C:BC@0E, ?@54AB02;5==KE 0@E5B8?8G5A:8<8 >1@070<8,8=0 F5=B@0;L=>9 @>;8 8=B5=A82=KE B5:CI8E >B=>H5=89 <564C 0=0;8B8:>< 8 ?0F85=B><.  B> 65 2@5<O >=8 AG8B0;8, GB> 2 ?A8E>0=0;8B8G5A:>9 B5>@88, >A=>20==>9 =0 BI0B5;L=>< :;8=8G5A:>< =01;N45=88 8 >?KB5, 5ABL B>, GB>, :0: >=8 GC2AB2>20;8, C?CA:05B N=380=A:89>?CA, 0 8<5==> ?>=8<0=85 @0==8E 45BA:8E A>AB>O=89 ?A8E8:8 8 8E 2;8O=8O =0 0=0;8B8G5A:85 >B=>H5=8O. 8==8:>BB C1548B5;L=> ?8A0; > A2O78 <564C ?>=8<0=85< @0==8E 45BA:8E ?A8E8G5A:8E A>AB>O=89 8 0=0;8B8G5A:>9 ?@0:B8:>9 A A8;L=> =0@CH5==K<8 8 @53@5AA8@>202H8<8 27@>A;K<8 ?0F85=B0<8. = AG8B0;, GB> 27@>A;K5 ?0F85=BK, 8=B5=A82=> ;5G8<K5 A ?><>ILN :CH5B:8 <>3CB =0CG8BL 0=0;8B8:0 1>;LH5<C > @0==5< 45BAB25, G5< <>6=> ?@O<> 872;5GL 87 =01;N45=89 70 45BL<8, 8 3>@074> 1>;LH5<C <>6=> =0CG8BLAO 87 >1I5=8O A <0B5@O<8, 70=8<0NI8<8AO A2>8<8 45BL<8.  B> 65 2@5<O :;8=8G5A:85 =01;N45=8O =>@<0;L=KE 8 =5=>@<0;L=KE >B=>H5=89 <;045=F0 8 <0B5@8 ?><>30NB 0=0;8B8:C 2K@01>B0BL 0=0;8B8G5A:CN B5>@8N, B0: :0: B>, GB> ?@>8AE>48B 2 ?5@5=>A5 (2 D07C @53@5AA88 =5:>B>@KE B0:8E ?0F85=B>2) O2;O5BAO D>@<>9 >B=>H5=89 <0B5@8 8 <;045=F0. (Winnicott, 1965,p.141) 8==8:>BB AG8B0;, GB> @07<K20=85 3@0=8F >1J5:B0 A0<>AB8 ?@82>48B : B@0=AD>@<0F8O< 2 @0728B88 A0<>AB8 2 ?5@5E>4=>< ?@>AB@0=AB25 <564C <0B5@LN 8 @515=:><, 0 B0:65 <564C 0=0;8B8:>< 8 ?0F85=B><. 5@56820=85 <;045=F5< ?5@5E>4=>3> >1J5:B0 :0: >4=>2@5<5==> 8 A>740==>3> 8 =0945==>3> ?>4>1=K 2>A?@8OB8N ?0F85=B>< A2>52@5<5==>9 8=B5@?@5B0F88, :>B>@0O ?>O28;0AL :0: @07 2 B>B <><5=B, :>340 <>3;0 1KBL ?>=OB0 ?0F85=B><. 8==8:>BB =07K20; MB> 75@:0;878@CNI59 A?>A>1=>ABLN 0=0;8B8:0, :>B>@0O, :0: 8 C E>@>H53> 2>A?8B0B5;O 2 >:@C65=88 @515=:0, AB8<C;8@C5B @>AB >ICI5=8O A0<>AB8 2 >B=>H5=8OE A >1J5:B><. ;03>40@O =5402=5<C 206=><C 2:;04C 0=85;0 (B5@=0 (1985) 2 B5>@8N 45BA:>3> ?A8E8G5A:>3> @0728B8O, 0=0;8B8: <>3 1K 1KBL 1>;55 @0A?>;>65= : 8A?>;L7>20=8N 2 A2>5< A;>20@5 B5@<8=0 =0AB@>9:0 4;O >1>7=0G5=8O 2708<=>3> A>>B25BAB28O. AA;54>20=8O "@520@B5=0 (1984) 87 (>B;0=488 8 4@C38E A>2@5<5==KE CG5=KE ?>:070;8, GB> 4> @0728B8O @5G8, ACI5AB2CNB 4>@5G52K5 >1<5=K <564C <0B5@LN 8 @515=:><, :>B>@K5 >1;040NB @8B<>< 8 >1@07CNBAO 87 G53>-B> 2@>45 4>-<C7K:0;L=>3> 480;>30 <564C =8<8, >15A?5G820NI53> 2@>645==K5 <56;8G=>AB=K5 :><<C=8:0F88. >4>1=K< >1@07>< =0E>4:8 <=>38E 4@C38E 8AA;54>20B5;59 ?>:070;8, =0A:>;L:> @0728B> 2>A?@8OB85 @515=:0, ?>72>;ONI55 5<C @5038@>20BL =0 AB8<C;OF8N >B <0B5@8 8 2708<>459AB2>20BL A =59 ?@>0:B82=> (A<. .Alvarez, 1992, ?>;57=K9 >17>@ MB>3> 8AA;54>20=8O 8 53> >B=>H5=8O : ?A8E>0=0;8B8G5A:>9 B5>@88). >;LH>9 :>@?CA 8AA;54>20=89 >B=>A8B5;L=> A?>A>1=>AB8 >G5=L <0;5=L:8E 45B59 @5038@>20BL =0 AB8<C;K >B >:@C65=8O 704>;3> 4> @0728B8O @5G52>9 A?>A>1=>AB8 8 0:B82=> 2>2;5:0BLAO 2 >B=>H5=8O A> A2>59 <0B5@LN MDD5:B82=K< >1@07><, =5 B@51CNI8< @5G8, ?>:07K205B ?>B5=F80;L=CN AB5?5=L 4>ABC?=>AB8 =525@10;L=>3> <0B5@80;0, :>B>@K9 <>65B 1KBL ?5@568B ?0F85=B>< 2 0=0;8B8G5A:>9 A8BC0F88 2 A>AB>O=8OE @53@5AA88. @8 B5:CI8< ?>=8<0=88 3;C18=K 8 H8@>BK MB8E A?>A>1=>AB59 C =>2>@>645==>3> (A<.Piontelli1987, 53> 8=B@83CNI85 A2845B5;LAB20 A?>A>1=>AB8 ?;>40 >1CG0BLAO 8 >1I0BLAO 2=CB@8 <0B:8) ACI5AB2C5B ?@8G8=0 AG8B0BL, GB> 7=0G8B5;L=0O 4>;O 2708<>459AB289 2 :>=AC;LB0F8>==>9 :><=0B5, >B=>AOI8EAO : <;045=G5AB2C 8 45BAB2C ?0F85=B0, 2:;NG05B 4>25@10;L=K5 8 =525@10;L=K5 ?5@56820=8O, 2 B>< G8A;5 =5 >A=>20==K5 =0 @5G8 8=B5@0:B82=K5 >1<5=K A <0B5@LN. >20O 48AF8?;8=0 45BA:8E =01;N45=89, ?>O282H0OAO 2 MB>9 >1;0AB8, ?>4:@5?;O5B MBC B>G:C 7@5=8O. 01;N45=8O 70 <;045=F0<8 -B0 B@048F8O =01;N40BL 70 45BL<8 2K@>A;0 2 >=4>=5 A :>=F0 1940-E 2 "528AB>:A:>9 :;8=8:5 8 2 =AB8BCB5 ?A8E>0=0;870 (A 1960) (Bick, 1964). @>2>48;8AL @53C;O@=K5 BI0B5;L=K5 =01;N45=8O 2708<>459AB28O @515=:0 8 53> <0B5@8, A <><5=B0 @>645=8O 4> 1>;55 G5< 42CE;5B=53> 2>7@0AB0. 4=>G0A>2K5 =01;N45=8O ?@>8AE>48;8 5654=52=> 2 4><5 @515=:0 2 ?@8ACBAB288 <0B5@8, 0 G0AB> 8 >BF0, 1@0BL52, A5AB5@ 8 4@C38E 2>A?8B0B5;59. 01;N45=8O A>?@>2>640;8AL 565=545;L=K< A5<8=0@>< 2 <0;5=L:>9 3@C??5, 345 >=8 >1AC640;8AL. -B0 D>@<0 >@30=870F88 A5<8=0@0 ?>72>;O;0 B5A=> >BA;56820BL 8 >1AC640BL 2 :064>9 3@C??5 @O4 45B59. >:B>@ 09:; $>@4E0<, 1C4CG8 C65 25AL<0 >?KB=K< 2 0=0;8B8G5A:>9 @01>B5, ?@8A>548=8;AO : B0:>9 3@C??5, 254><>9 80==>9 5=@8 87 "528AB>:A:>9 :;8=8:8 2 =0G0;5 1970-E (Fordham, 1994).  ?>A;54AB288 40;L=59H85 3@C??K 1K;8 >@30=87>20=K 1I5AB2>< =0;8B8G5A:>9 ?A8E>;>388 8 =5402=> A5:F859 N=380=A:>3> 0=0;8B8G5A:>3> >1CG5=8O ?@8 @8B0=A:>9 0AA>F80F88 ?A8E>B5@0?52B>2. -B8 45B0;L=K5 =01;N45=8O 8 >1AC645=8O ?>2;8O;8 =0 @01>BC $>@4E0<0 =04 B5>@859 @0728B8O A0<>AB8. 0728;0AL :C;LBC@0 2=8<0B5;L=>3> =0CG=>3> =01;N45=8O, =0F5;5==>3> =0 @07@5H5=85 ?@>B82>@5G89 2 B5>@88 4>25@10;L=KE ?A8E8G5A:8E A>AB>O=89. 06=K9 =02K: =01;N40BL @515=:0, 1C4CG8 =50:B82=K< 8 =5 2<5H820NI8<AO, @072820; 2=CB@8 =01;N40B5;O ?>2KH5==CN GC2AB28B5;L=>ABL : 8=D>@<0F88, A>45@60I59AO 2 4>25@10;L=KE :><<C=8:0F8OE. !G8B0;>AL, GB> ?>765 MB> ?@O<> ?@8=5A5B ?>;L7C A?>A>1=>AB8 0=0;8B8:0 1KBL GC2AB28B5;L=K< : :>=B@?5@5=>AC, :>B>@K9 1K; ?@87=0= ACI5AB25==K< 8=AB@C<5=B>< 2708<>459AB28O 0=0;8B8:0 8 ?0F85=B0. >45;L $>@4E0<0 "5>@8O $>@4E0<0 @0728;0AL A> 2@5<5=5< 8 A>2<5AB8;0 =5A:>;L:> @07;8G=KE M;5<5=B>2, ?@>8AE>4OI8E 87 :;8=8G5A:>3> >?KB0 8 8AA;54>20B5;LA:8E =01;N45=89. !>>B25BAB285 <>45;8 $>@4E0<0 @01>B0< ;59=, 8==8:>BB0, 8>=0 8 4@C38E, 70=8<0NI8EAO @0==8<8 >1J5:B=K<8 >B=>H5=8O<8 8 ?0B>;>3859 A0<>AB8, 0 B0:65 7=0=8O<, A>1@0==K< 87 @0ABCI53> G8A;0 =01;N45=89 70 <;045=F0<8 8 A>?@>2>640NI8E 8E A5<8=0@>2, ?>72>;8;> ?@840BL N=380=A:>9 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 B@048F88 :><?5B5=B=>ABL 2 45BA:>< @0728B88. -B> 2:;NG0;> ?>=8<0=85 206=>AB8 B>=:8E :><<C=8:0F89 <564C ?0F85=B>< 8 0=0;8B8:><, :>B>@K5 2=>AOB 2:;04 2 H8@>:>5 8A?>;L7>20=85 :>=B@?5@5=>A0 4;O ?>=8<0=8O @0==8E ?A8E8G5A:8E A>AB>O=89, 8 ?@8AB0;L=>5 8AA;54>20=85 87<5=ONI8EAO <>40;L=>AB59 ?5@5=>A0 8 :>=B@?5@5=>A0 2 ;5G5=88 ?5@5=>A0 4065 =0 >4=>9 A5AA88 8, :>=5G=>, 70 4>;389 ?5@8>4 8=B5=A82=>9 0=0;8B8G5A:>9 B5@0?88.  MB8< M;5<5=B0< $>@4E0< 4>1028; A2>8 A>1AB25==K5 70<5G0B5;L=K5 =>2>22545=8O 2 :;8=8G5A:>< 8 B5>@5B8G5A:>< ?>=8<0=88, >1@07>202H85 >A=>20=85 B>3>, GB> B5?5@L G0AB> =07K205BAO ;>=4>=A:>9 H:>;>9 @0728B8O 2 0=0;8B8G5A:>9 ?A8E>;>388 (Samuels, 1985). %>BO $>@4E0< =5 >B45;O; A2>59 B5>@88 @0728B8O >B 4@C38E 0A?5:B>2 N=380=A:>9 B@048F88, >A>15==> >B B5>@88 0@E5B8?>2, =5B A><=5=8O, GB> >= 225; =>2CN ;8=8N 2 N=380=A:>9 B5>@88, >A=>20==CN =0 8=B5=A82=>9 :;8=8G5A:>9 @01>B5 A >G5=L <0;5=L:8<8 45BL<8 8 =0 =01;N45=8OE 70 <;045=F0<8 ?>4 2;8O=85< 0:F5=B0 B5>@88 >1J5:B=KE >B=>H5=89 =0 206=>AB8 A0<KE @0==8E 2708<>459AB289 A <0B5@LN. "5>@8O $>@4E0<0 @072820;0AL 1;03>40@O 45AOB8;5B8O< ?A8E80B@8G5A:>9 8 0=0;8B8G5A:>9 @01>BK A> 27@>A;K<8 8 45BL<8, 0 ?>A;5 1970-E 1;03>40@O =>2><C ?>=8<0=8N, ?>;CG5==><C 87 =01;N45=89 70 45BL<8. = ?@>45<>=AB@8@>20; B5>@5B8G5A:CN 687=5A?>A>1=>ABL 8=B53@8@>20=8O N=3>2A:>3> 8=B5@5A0 : ?@>8AE>645=8N 8 @0728B8N A0<>AB8, 2:;NG0O 55 <=>385 0@E5B8?8G5A:85 :>=D83C@0F88, A> A2>8<8 A>1AB25==K<8 BI0B5;L=K<8 =01;N45=8O<8 70 ?A8E8G5A:8< @0728B85<. 3> 4>AB865=85< 1K;> 40BL N=380=F0< 45BAB2>, A?>A>1 @07<KH;OBL > =5< 8 0=0;878@>20BL 53> - =5 :0: >48= 87 0A?5:B>2 0@E5B8?8G5A:8E >B=>H5=89, => :0: >A=>2C 4;O 0=0;870 ?5@5=>A0 2 0@E5B8?8G5A:8E D>@<0E... = ?>:070;, :0: ?A8E8:0 :>;51;5BAO <564C 7@5;K<8 8 =57@5;K<8 A>AB>O=8O<8, 8 :0: >=8 ?@>4>;60NBAO 2 1>;LH59 8;8 <5=LH59 AB5?5=8 2AN 687=L 8=48284CC<0 (Astor, 1995)  @57C;LB0B5 A2>59 :;8=8G5A:>9 @01>BK $>@4E0< ?@>45<>=AB@8@>20;, GB> >?8A0==0O C .=30 :>=F5?F8O A0<>AB8 4>;6=0 ?>425@3=CBLAO @528788, GB> 55 =C6=> A2O70BL A 45BA:8< @0728B85<, 8 2K428=C; ?@54AB02;5=85 > ?5@28G=>9 A0<>AB8 8;8 87=0G0;L=>< 8=B53@0B5. -B>B ?5@28G=K9 8=B53@0B 2:;NG05B 87=0G0;L=>5 ?A8E>A><0B8G5A:>5 548=AB2> @515=:0, 53> C=8:0;L=CN 845=B8G=>ABL. '5@57 A5@8N :>=B0:B>2 A >:@C60NI59 A@54>9, 8=8F88@>20==CN 8;8 87=CB@8 8;8 A=0@C68, =07K205<CN 458=B53@0F859, 8=48284CC< ?>AB5?5==> @0728205B 8AB>@8N ?5@56820=89, :>B>@K5 ?@8 CA?5H=>9 @58=B53@0F88 70:;NG0NB 2 A515 53> C=8:0;L=CN A0<>ABL. -B> 1K; D5=><5=>;>38G5A:89 273;O4 =0 A0<>ABL :0: =0 0:B82=>3> 8=8F80B>@0 8 ?>;CG0B5;O ?5@56820=89, A2O7K20NI8E >10 8 18>;>38G5A:89 8 ?A8E>;>38G5A:89 >?KB. @>F5AA 8=48284C0F88 ?@>8AE>48B 2 48=0<8G5A:>9 040?B0F88, :>B>@CN A0<>ABL ?@>872>48B 2 >B=>H5=88 A2>8E A>1AB25==KE 0:B82=>AB59 8 2=CB@8 A51O 8 2 >:@C60NI59 A@545. >45;L $>@4E0<0 >?8AK205B, :0: A0<>ABL 458=B53@8@C5B 8;8 A?>=B0==> @0745;O5BAO =0 G0AB8. 0640O G0ABL 0:B828@C5B 8;8 0:B828@>20=0 :>=B0:B>< A >:@C60NI59 A@54>9 8 ?>A;54>20B5;L=> @58=B53@8@C5B ?>;CG5==K9 >?KB G5@57 A>=, @5D;5:A8N 8;8 4@C385 D>@<K ?A8E8G5A:>3> CA2>5=8O, GB>1K @072820BLAO 8 @0AB8. >2>@O 1>;55 :>=:@5B=>, G0AB8 A0<>AB8 @515=:0 70@O60NBAO 87=CB@8, GB>1K 2AB@5B8BL 2=5H=NN A8BC0F8N, 2>7<>6=>, ?>B><C GB> >= 3>;>45= (>= ?;0G5B) 8;8 87-70 B>3>, GB> 2 ?>;5 53> 7@5=8O ?>?0;0 <0BL (<0BL C;K105BAO 8 3>2>@8B A @515=:><). -B>B B8? >1<5=0, :>B>@K9 2 @0==89 ?5@8>4 >G5=L G0AB> ?@>8AE>48B <564C <;045=F5< 8 <0B5@LN 8;8 4@C38< 206=K< G5;>25:><, >:@0H5= @07=K<8 ?> :0G5AB2C ?5@56820=8O<8 - =0?@8<5@, <>65B 1KBL E>@>H55 :>@<;5=85, A @0A?>;>65==>9 8 2=8<0B5;L=>9 <0B5@LN, 8;8 M<>F8>=0;L=> B@02<8@CNI55 >1I5=85 8;8 A8BC0F8O, :>340 <0BL M<>F8>=0;L=> >BACBAB2C5B. -B> :0G5AB2> ?5@56820=8O @58=B53@8@C5BAO 2 A0<>ABL, A 2KB5:0NI59 <>48D8:0F859 2 AB@C:BC@5 8 @5?5@BC0@5 A0<>AB8, B0:8< >1@07><, ?@82>4O : @0728B8N M3>, B.:. M3> O2;O5BAO A0<K< 206=K< 458=B53@0B>< A0<>AB8. >45;L $>@4E0<0 ?>=8<05B 45BA:>5 @0728B85, :0: 8<5NI55 D878G5A:85, <5=B0;L=K5 8 M<>F8>=0;L=K5 :><?>=5=BK, 345 A0<>ABL 0:B82=> 2>2;5G5=0 2 A2>5 A>1AB25==>5 D>@<8@>20=85 8 @50;870F8N A2>8E ?>B5=F80;>2, 040?B8@CO A51O : B><C, GB> >:@C60NI0O A@540 8 >A>15==> <0BL ?@54;030NB 2 3@0=8F0E @07=>>1@078O, :0G5AB20 8 A>45@60=8O >?KB0. >AB865=85 $>@4E0<0 2 B><, GB> >= 8=B53@8@>20; >A52CN N=3>2A:CN :>=F5?F8N A0<>AB8 8 ?@>A?5:B82=>9 ?@8@>4K 8 DC=:F88 ?A8E8:8 A> 273;O4>< =0 ?A8E>A><0B8G5A:>5 @0728B85 @515=:0, ?@>45<>=AB@8@>202 2 B> 65 2@5<O, :0:>5 ?@O<>5 >B=>H5=85 >=0 8<55B : ?>=8<0=8N B>3>, GB> ?@>8AE>48B 2 :>=AC;LB0F8>==>9 :><=0B5 <564C ?0F85=B>< 8 0=0;8B8:>< 8 2=CB@8 :064>3> 87 =8E. >4E>4 $>@4E0<0 >1>30I5= ?A8E>0=0;8B8G5A:8<8 845O<8 >B=>A8B5;L=> 2;8O=8O @0==8E 45BA:8E ?A8E8G5A:8E A>AB>O=89 =0 >?KB 27@>A;>3> ?0F85=B0 A 0=0;8B8:>< 2 ?@>F5AA5 2A5340 <5=ONI59AO 8 @072820NI59AO A8BC0F88 ?5@5=>A0 8 :>=B@?5@5=>A0. AB>@ (1985) >B<5B8;0, GB> ?>=8<0=85 $>@4E0<0 A2O70=> A B>G:>9 7@5=8O .=30, GB> =5AB018;L=>ABL ?A8E8:8 ?@82>48B : 3>@OG59 2=CB@5==59 1>@L15 ?@>B82 2 ACI=>AB8 =530B82=KE A8; 157C<8O, F8=87<0 8 2A5E 8E ?@>872>4=KE 8 D>@<. '5@57 MBC 1>@L1C :@0A>B0 =5?@5@K2=>AB8 A0<>AB8, B> GB> .=3 =07K20; ?@>A?5:B82=>9 ?@8@>4>9 ?A8E8:8 A 55 A?>A>1=>ABLN 8AF5;OBL A0<C A51O, <>65B 2K=5AB8 2?5@54 708=B5@5A>20==>3> 8AA;54>20B5;O, :>B>@K9 =5 4>?CAB8B @07@0AB0=8O MB>9 1>@L1K. 0A;5485 $>@4E0<0 ?>:07K205B =0< G5@57 53> ;8G=K9 ?@8<5@ 8 @01>BK, GB> A0<>ABL 2 55 >1J548=ONI8E 0A?5:B0E <>65B B@0=AF5=48@>20BL ?@>B82>?>;>6=K5 A8;K, 2 B> 65 2@5<O 22O702H8AL 2 1>@L1C, >=0 <>65B 1KBL 871KB>G=> @07@CH8B5;L=0 8 2 45AB@C:B82=>< 8 2 :@50B82=>< A<KA;5. (Astor1995) .=3 =5 8=B5@5A>20;AO @07;8G=K<8 <>40;L=>ABO<8 8=D0=B8;L=>3> ?5@5=>A0, => >= 8AA;54>20; A2845B5;LAB20 @0==8E A>AB>O=89 ?A8E8:8 2 A2>59 @01>B5 A> 27@>A;K<8 ?A8E>B8:0<8. $>@4E0< ?>:070;, :0: 2 ?5@5=>A5 M=5@38O, @0=55 =0?@02;5==0O =0 A8<?B><, <>65B 1KBL AD>:CA8@>20=0 8;8 ?5@5=5A5=0 =0 ;8G=>ABL 0=0;8B8:0 (Fordham, 1957). $>@4E0< A25; 2<5AB5 0:F5=B .=30 =0 0:BC0;L=>9 A8BC0F88 ?0F85=B0 (745AL-8-B5?5@L A8BC0F88) 8 :;8=8G5A:>5 ?>=8<0=85 ?5@5=>A0 @0==53> 45BA:>3> <0B5@80;0 =0 0=0;8B8G5A:85 >B=>H5=8O, 8AA;54CO 7=0G5=85 A>AB02;ONI8E M;5<5=B>2 B5:CI53> =52@>B8G5A:>3> :>=D;8:B0 ?0F85=B0. A;8 >4=0:> 0:BC0;L=CN A8BC0F8N >?@545;OBL :0: F5;8:>< A>AB>OICN 87 B5:CI8E ?@8G8= 8 2K720==KE 8<8 :>=D;8:B>2, B> 2 :0@B8=C =C6=> 2=5AB8 35=5B8G5A:85 (8AB>@8G5A:85) ?@8G8=K 2 B>9 <5@5, 2 :>B>@>9 >=8 2A5 5I5 0:B82=K 2 =0AB>OI5<, 8 2=>AOB 2:;04 2 ?@54AB02;5==K5 745AL :>=D;8:BK. (Fordham 1957, p.82, cited in Astor, 1995) =0;87 ?5@5=>A0 O2;O5BAO @54C:B82=K< 2 A<KA;5 >B=5A5=8O ?A8E>;>38G5A:8E :>=D;8:B>2, =0945==KE 2 745AL-8-B5?5@L >B=>H5=8OE <564C ?0F85=B>< 8 0=0;8B8:><, =0704 : 8E 45BA:8< ?@8G8=0<. 040G0 A>AB>8B 2 C?@>I5=88 A;>6=KE AB@C:BC@ 4> 8E 107>2KE >A=>20=89. '5@57 B5AB A;>25A=KE 0AA>F80F89 .=3 ?@>45<>=AB@8@>20;, GB> :><?;5:AK, :>B>@K5 A2O7K20NB ;8G=K5 8 0@E5B8?8G5A:85 :>@=8 ?A8E8G5A:8E @5?@575=B0F89, 1K;8 0DD5:B82=> =03@C65=K, B.5. >=8 1K;8 A@54AB20<8 4;O <=>38E B8?>2 M<>F8>=0;L=KE ?5@56820=89, ACI5AB2CNI8E 2 ?A8E>;>38G5A:>9 687=8 8=482840. .=3 3>@074> 1>;LH5 8=B5@5A>20;AO ?@>A?5:B82=>9 0:B82=>ABLN ?A8E8:8, 2KO2;O5<>9 0<?;8D8:0F859 8 0:B82=K< 2>>1@065=85<, 0 =5 >1=0@C65=85< :>@=59 =530B82=>9 ?A8E8G5A:>9 0:B82=>AB8, 2:;NG0O BC, GB> >1=0@C6820;0AL 2 ?5@5=>A5 <0B5@80;0 ;8G=>9 8AB>@88 8=48284CC<0. 4=0:> $>@4E0< A> A2>8< 1>;LH8< >?KB>< :;8=8G5A:>9 @01>BK A 45BL<8 ?>=8<0;, GB> 45B8 <>3CB :0: ?@8=8<0BL ?@>5:F88 >B @>48B5;59, B0: 8 ?@>5F8@>20BL =0 =8E A2>8 A>1AB25==K5 0DD5:BK, 8 >= ?>=8<0;, GB> 0=0;>38G=K5 ?@>F5AAK <>3CB ?@>8AE>48BL <564C ?0F85=B>< 8 0=0;8B8:><. "0:8< >1@07>< $>@4E0< 8 B5 2 >=4>=5, :B> =0E>48;AO ?>4 2;8O=85< 53> @01>B, =0G0;8 ?@84020BL 2A5 1>;LHCN 206=>ABL 0=0;87C ?5@5=>A0 A 8A?>;L7>20=85< :CH5B:8. -B> ?>72>;8;> ;CGH5 ?>=OBL A>45@60=85 A;>6=KE ?A8E8G5A:8E AB@C:BC@ 8 8E 8AB>@8G5A:8E (35=5B8G5A:8E) :>@=59 2 ?A8E8:5 ?0F85=B0.  B> 65 2@5<O, $>@4E0< ?@84020; 1>;LH>5 7=0G5=85 N=3>2A:><C 273;O4C =0 206=>ABL 4>ABC?=>AB8 0=0;8B8:0 2=CB@5==5<C <8@C ?0F85=B0 G5@57 A>AB>O=8O 2708<=>9 15AA>7=0B5;L=>AB8 (Jung,CW16,para. 364). =, A;54>20B5;L=>, 2A5 1>;LH5 ?>72>;O;, GB>1K =0 53> <KH;5=85 2;8O;8 >B=>H5=8O A ?0F85=B><. -B>B >?KB <>6=> @0AA<0B@820BL :0: G0AB8G=CN 845=B8D8:0F8N, :>340 0=0;8B8: 458=B53@8@C5B 2 >B=>H5=8OE A ?0F85=B><, GB>1K ;CGH5 ?>=OBL 2=CB@5==89 <8@ ?0F85=B0. $>@4E0< =07K20; MB> ?@>F5AA ?>2KH5==>9 4>ABC?=>AB8 G0AB8 0=0;8B8:0 4;O ?@>5:B82=KE 8 845=B8D8:0F8>==KE ?@>F5AA>2 2 15AA>7=0B5;L=>< ?0F85=B0 A8=B>==K< ?5@5=>A></:>=B@?5@5=>A>< (1957). = 2:;NG05B ?@>AB>5 A;CH0=85 8 =01;N45=85 70 ?0F85=B><, GB>1K CA;KH0BL 8 C2845BL, GB> 2 459AB28OE ?0F85=B0 8AE>48B >B A0<>AB8, 8 70B5< @5038@>20=85. >-2848<><C, MB> 2:;NG0;> 1K 458=B53@0F8N; :0: 5A;8 1K 2 ?0F85=B0 2:;04K20NBAO G0AB8 0=0;8B8:0, B0: GB> >= A?>=B0==> @5038@C5B =0 ?0F85=B0 B0:, :0: ?>A;54=5<C =C6=>; B5< =5 <5=55, MB8 G0AB8 O2;ONBAO ?@>O2;5=8O<8 A0<>AB8. (Fordham, 1957, p.97, cited in Astor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para. 163and CW16para. 285). ?0A=>ABL 2>7=8:05B, 5A;8 0=0;8B8: 4>ABC?5= ?0F85=BC ;8G=K< >1@07>< =0AB>;L:>, GB> MB> <5H05B A2>1>45 ?0F85=B0 2 8AA;54>20=88 53> 2=CB@5==53> <8@0 2 157>?0A=>AB8 8 G@520B> ?>:CH5=85< =0 53> ?@020 A> AB>@>=K 0=0;8B8:0. !C1J5:B82=0O >B:@KB>ABL 0=0;8B8:0 15AA>7=0B5;L=K< :><<C=8:0F8O< ?0F85=B0 =5 ?>4@07C<5205B @02=>ABL 2 0=0;8B8G5A:8E >B=>H5=8OE. =0;8B8G5A:0O ?>78F8O 2K428=CB0 4;O 70I8BK ?0F85=B0 >B G@57<5@=>3> A0<>@0A:@KB8O 0=0;8B8:0, >AB02;OO D0=B0788 ?0F85=B0 >1 0=0;8B8:5 4>ABC?=K<8 4;O ?>=8<0=8O 8 8A?>;L7>20=8O 2 :0G5AB25 ?>B5=F80;L=>3> <0B5@80;0 4;O 2=CB@5==59 B@0=AD>@<0F88 ?0F85=B0. K2>4K -B0 3;020 @0AA<0B@820;0 B5>@5B8G5A:CN 8 :;8=8G5A:CN A8BC0F8N 2 0=0;8B8G5A:>9 ?A8E>;>388 2 =3;88, 402HCN =0G0;> B0: =07K205<>9 ;>=4>=A:>9 H:>;5 @0728B8O. K;0 =5>1E>48<>ABL 2 >17>@5, :>B>@K9 2:;NG8; 1K 2:;04 <=>38E ?A8E>0=0;8B8:>2 8 0=0;8B8G5A:8E ?A8E>;>3>2 2 =3;88 8 2 4@C38E <5AB0E, :>B>@K5 2K428=C;8 B5>@8N @0728B8O 45BA:8E ?A8E8G5A:8E A>AB>O=89 8 845N F5=B@0;L=>9 @>;8 ?5@5=>A0 8 :>=B@?5@5=>A0 2 0=0;8B8G5A:>9 ?@0:B8:5.  >=4>=5 2 ?5@8>4 ?>A;5 B>@>9 <8@>2>9 2>9=K 1K;8 @0725@=CBK A8;L=K5 ?A8E>0=0;8B8G5A:85 8AA;54>20=8O, >A=>20==K5 =0 0=0;875 27@>A;KE ?0F85=B>2 8 45B59, 0 B0:65 =0 B@048F88 BI0B5;L=KE =01;N45=89 70 <;045=F0<8, ?@>2>48<KE 2 B5G5=85 =5A:>;L:8E ;5B, 8 48A:CAA89 >B=>A8B5;L=> @0728B8O @0==8E 45BA:8E ?A8E8G5A:8E A>AB>O=89 8 ?@8<5=8<>AB8 MB8E 2K2>4>2 : 0=0;8B8G5A:8< >B=>H5=8O<. 02=>5 7=0G5=85 8<5;> >B:@KB85 @5H0NI59 @>;8 2=CB@5==59 GC2AB28B5;L=>AB8 0=0;8B8:0 : 8=D>@<0F88, A>45@60I59AO 2 G0AB> B>=:8E, 0 G0AB> <>I=KE 4>25@10;L=KE :><<C=8:0F8OE ?0F85=B0.  B> 65 2@5<O ?> <5@5 C3;C1;5=8O ?A8E>0=0;8B8G5A:>3> ?>=8<0=8O MB8E >1;0AB59, =5:>B>@K5 0=0;8B8G5A:85 ?A8E>;>38 2 >=4>=5 8 >A>15==> 09:; $>@4E0<, AB0;8 2A5 1>;LH5 >A>7=020BL =5>1E>48<>ABL 8=B53@0F88 AB>;L F5=8<>3> .=3>< ?@>A?5:B82=>3> ?>4E>40 : @01>B5 A 15AA>7=0B5;L=K< A ?>B@51=>ABLN 7075<;8BL MBC @01>BC 2 ?>=8<0=88 B5E ?@8<8B82=KE 0DD5:B>2 8 D>@< <KH;5=8O, ?>A@54AB2>< :>B>@KE <;045=5F 8 @515=>: 45;0NB A2>8 ?5@56820=8O ?>=OB=K<8 4;O A51O. !CI5AB2>20;> ?@87=0=85 ?>B@51=>AB8 70I8B8BL 0=0;8B8G5A:>5 ?@>AB@0=AB2>, C45@6820O G5B:CN 8 157>?0A=CN @0<:C, 2=CB@8 :>B>@>9 <>3;8 1K 1KBL ?@>2545=K 8AA;54>20=8O ?A8E8G5A:8E A>45@60=89, GB> 4020;> 1K C25@5==>ABL, GB> ?@8 ?>4E>4OI8E >1AB>OB5;LAB20E ?0F85=B <>65B 157>?0A=> @53@5AA8@>20BL =0 BC 3;C18=C, =0 :>B>@CN >= A?>A>15=, 8;8 5<C =C6=> 4;O 4>AB865=8O @>AB0 8 B@0=AD>@<0F88. =>385 ;>=4>=A:85 N=380=FK =0H;8 <>45;L $>@4E0<0 ?>;57=>9 2 45<>=AB@0F88 B>3>, :0: G5@57 ?@>F5AA 458=B53@0F88 8 @58=B53@0F88 A> 2@5<5=5< 2 ?A8E8:5 A>7405BAO 3;C18=0 8 845=B8G=>ABL.  @02=>9 <5@5 MB0 <>45;L ?>:07K205B, :0: <>3CB ?@>8AE>48BL 7045@6:8 2 MB>< ?@>F5AA5, :>340 8;8 2=CB@5==85 8;8 2=5H=85 ?@5?OBAB28O <5H0NB MB><C ?@>F5AAC, ?@82>4O : ?0B>;>38G5A:8< 8;8 1>;57=5==K< A>AB>O=8O< ?A8E8:8. "0: ?>;CG8;>AL, GB> 25;8:85 B@048F88 $@5940 8 .=30 @072820NBAO =57028A8<>, @0745;5==K5 8AB>@859, D8;>A>DA:8<8 ?>AK;:0<8 8 ?@>D5AA8>=0;L=>9 ?>;8B8:>9.  F5;>< MB> 42865=85 >1J548=O;> 0=0;8B8G5A:CN B@048F8N, A2>4O 2<5AB5 ?A8E>0=0;87 8 0=0;8B8G5A:CN ?A8E>;>38N, =5A<>B@O =0 2A5 @50;L=K5 ACI5AB2CNI85 B@C4=>AB8. => 4020;> 1>;55 H8@>:CN 8 ?>B5=F80;L=> 1>;55 B2>@G5A:CN 0@5=C, =0 :>B>@>9 <>3;8 @>640BLAO ?;>4>B2>@=K5 D>@<C;8@>2:8 2 H8@>:>9 >1;0AB8 3;C18==>9 ?A8E>;>388 2>>1I5 8 ?> ?>2>4C A>45@60=8O ?@>F5AA>2 A0<>AB8 2 >A>15==>AB8.  [1] Caretaker- 2 ?5@52>45 A 0=3;89A:>3> 2 :>=B5:AB5 MB>9 AB0BL8 ;8F>, ?@8A<0B@820NI55 70 @515=:><. 0;55 4;O ?@>AB>BK 1C45B ?5@52>48BLAO :0: <0BL. > A;54C5B CG5ABL, GB> 2 MB>9 DC=:F88 <>3CB 2KABC?0BL :>@<8;8F0, A845;:0, 3C25@=0=B:0 8 4@C385 ;N48 87 >:@C65=8O @515=:0. x &&&&j(l(n(p(h*j*r*.+۽hFh&F?hh6B*CJOJPJQJ]^JmHnHphfffsHtHChh6B*CJOJPJQJ]^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH9hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JmHnHphfffsHtH0hhCJOJPJQJaJmHnHsHtH=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH:hh5CJ0KH$OJPJQJ\aJ0mHnHsHtHGhh5B*CJKH$OJPJQJ\^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH.+0+2+4+2-4-6-8-00000000000^;`;禄dG9hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JmHnHphfffsHtH?hh6B*CJOJPJQJ]^JmHnHphfffsHtHChh6B*CJOJPJQJ]^JaJmH nHphfffsH tHChh6B*CJOJPJQJ]^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH0hhCJOJPJQJaJmHnHsHtH4+4-8-000<"<hCCKKOP[[._2_aaaiiss$Rddd@&[$\$^Ra$gd$ddd[$\$`a$gd`;n;<< <"<????fChCCCDDIIKKKKOO PPXX[gIgI:hh5CJ0KH$OJPJQJ\aJ0mHnHsHtHGhh5B*CJKH$OJPJQJ\^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH9hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JmHnHphfffsHtH0hhCJOJPJQJaJmHnHsHtH=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmH nHphfffsH tH[[[[,_._0_2_aaaaaaaaiiiissss0y2y4y6yD~F~H~R~T~^~`~b~d~禄禄d?hh6B*CJOJPJQJ]^JmHnHphfffsHtHChh6B*CJOJPJQJ]^JaJmH nHphfffsH tHChh6B*CJOJPJQJ]^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH0hhCJOJPJQJaJmHnHsHtH%s2y6yF~`~d~$z~DHx|Ω$Rddd@&[$\$^Ra$gd$ddd[$\$`a$gd΀"$xz|~ jrtvz|dGGG9hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JmHnHphfffsHtHChh6B*CJOJPJQJ]^JaJmH nHphfffsH tHChh6B*CJOJPJQJ]^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH0hhCJOJPJQJaJmHnHsHtH=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmH nHphfffsH tHBDFH"$,8:FHLNV ţgHggHgHggH=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmH nHphfffsH tH9hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JmHnHphfffsHtH=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmHnHphfffsHtHChh6B*CJOJPJQJ]^JaJmH nHphfffsH tHChh6B*CJOJPJQJ]^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH0hhCJOJPJQJaJmHnHsHtHvxz|̩ΩЩҩ<>@BVXZ\۽d@FjhhB*CJOJPJQJU^JaJmHnHphsHtH@hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmHnHphfffsHtHy(0hhCJOJPJQJaJmHnHsHtH=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH:hh5CJ0KH$OJPJQJ\aJ0mHnHsHtHGhh5B*CJKH$OJPJQJ\^JaJmHnHphfffsHtHΩҩ>BX\ $da$gd dgd$ddd[$\$a$gd$ddd[$\$`a$gd lahhmHsH9hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JmHnHphfffsHtH=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmHnHphfffsHtH0hhCJOJPJQJaJmHnHsHtH=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmH nHphfffsH tH=hhB*CJOJPJQJ^JaJmHnHphsHtH 21h:pi. A!"R#n$n% Dd V  3 C"J  ((j 666666666vvvvvvvvv666666>6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666hH6666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666662 0@P`p2( 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p 0@P`p8XV~ OJPJQJ_HmHnHsHtHL`L i1KG=K9 dCJ_HaJmH"sH"tH x`x  03>;>2>: 1ddd@&[$\$.5CJ0KH$OJPJQJ\^JaJ0mHsHtHBA`B A=>2=>9 H@8DB 0170F0XiX 01KG=0O B01;8F04 l4a .k . 0 5B A?8A:0 ^o^ 03>;>2>: 1 =0:&5CJ0KH$OJPJQJ\^JaJ0tHB/B apple-converted-space8U`8 0 8?5@AAK;:0 >*ph0X !0 @ K45;5=856]l`2l 0 "5:AB A=>A:8ddd[$\$$CJOJPJQJ^JaJmHsHtHVoAV 0"5:AB A=>A:8 =0:CJOJPJQJ^JaJtHPK![Content_Types].xmlj0Eжr(΢Iw},-j4 wP-t#bΙ{UTU^hd}㨫)*1P' ^W0)T9<l#$yi};~@(Hu* Dנz/0ǰ $ X3aZ,D0j~3߶b~i>3\`?/[G\!-Rk.sԻ..a濭?PK!֧6 _rels/.relsj0 }Q%v/C/}(h"O = C?hv=Ʌ%[xp{۵_Pѣ<1H0ORBdJE4b$q_6LR7`0̞O,En7Lib/SeеPK!kytheme/theme/themeManager.xml M @}w7c(EbˮCAǠҟ7՛K Y, e.|,H,lxɴIsQ}#Ր ֵ+!,^$j=GW)E+& 8PK!Ƶtheme/theme/theme1.xmlYnE#;8U i-qN3'JH DA\8 R>CW]{'ސ{g?x݈]"$q+_,y>8{7 K }xLވHe 2{Rܜaˋ??<ߟdžSr$L].<İT̟72S"ѵ_JwL&BJ05kZVyVy|xC OO|x>+<>@(:??/>5{yxFDdm 3^q5'=q6nib-$RB}}YGq=xK@;)^qbha79g . pUʹ;bbmc[$c'a}5KKfH5HL!ݦ&|mK{N6M6hq v|y 58+zH  *~ HHy\K*t@G>{sA}"))y sGfۡqǾ'w E1 [8>ܤ4Aбt׎~ls14_>,Ȭ7TT GqME=w-i>mo[oiBszbP:j5if F 9Pɉ* k\ A ;!N`.{I SցD p3˅5veU}AbvyA/g 氚 Z N+lR~aeԩj9&&CLgMʼn7a A0ƀHEA3~{q q1vƨl効9)>൜fN1N FIrdq8Y^:_73.|3 f%Jش?MOY s 3;} Rc0`d[鯠$ÿ - έhǴ"P 6T{TUٴ+9E28Y*MOt0O9Bݍqg7Ŕ9O)z?7#]u rBIHAאTpl>՟,SpT4@~BA%}'0+{eRF&rĪ#uu\{BHuM6`pG}N+!'_oN콶3a3dXZzCyCUɪ嶂ZZZ۱f,fAg-@`g v6V?Dhf6t=M&ʺ6ײ'݉#֚>d8s9xN=ڮjAv11;u2%M2oN1uo%տPK! ѐ'theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsM 0wooӺ&݈Э5 6?$Q ,.aic21h:qm@RN;d`o7gK(M&$R(.1r'JЊT8V"AȻHu}|$b{P8g/]QAsم(#L[PK-![Content_Types].xmlPK-!֧6 +_rels/.relsPK-!kytheme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK-!Ƶtheme/theme/theme1.xmlPK-! ѐ' theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK] O J:]@fhx.+`;[jlnoprstv0.r4+sΩkmqu***OX8@0(  B S  ?Arch6:Q:Q";H 0Qrt y 3&4&:*A*,,,,x..5518<8A?H???BBEEUUU"UW!YZ[[[[[QBa[Q~$^4y^4y h[H\iKqvJkXOQ@NNNN(JreOhhhUnknownG* Times New Roman5Symbol3. * Arial7.{ @CalibriA BCambria Math"1h7F7FXgpXgpn02HX $P2!xxSpeed_XPSpeed_XPOh+'0t  0 < HT\dl Speed_XP Normal.dotm Speed_XP1Microsoft Office Word@@K@KX՜.+,D՜.+,H hp  Reanimator Extreme Editionpg    8@ _PID_HLINKSA^M%http://www.maap.ru/library/book/200/Arch6  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~     Root Entry F KData 1TableWordDocument4SummaryInformation(DocumentSummaryInformation8CompObjy  F' Microsoft Office Word 97-2003 MSWordDocWord.Document.89q