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par. 445), "N@=5@ =07K205B 53>Communitas(1974). 06=>, GB> A5:AC0;L=>ABL 1>;LH5 =5 4><8=8@>20;0 2 :>=B0:B5. 0: 1C4B> ;8184> ?>4=O;>AL 225@E 8 @0A:@K;> =0H8 A5@4F0. 0H :>=B0:B AB0; 1>;55 A5@45G=K<.  A8E>;>388 ?5@5=>A0 .=3 >1AC6405B A;CG09, 8;;NAB@8@CNI89 ?>O2;5=85 ?5@5=>A0. 01>B0O A> A=>< 65=I8=K ?@> :0:>3>-B> >A>15==>3> H5AB8<5AOG=>3> @515=:0, .=3 A?@>A8; 55, GB> A;CG8;>AL 70 H5ABL <5AOF52 4> A=0. = >1=0@C68;, GB> C =55 1K; 4@C3>9 0@E5B8?8G5A:89 A>=, 8 GB> ?@8 53> 70?8AK20=88 C 65=I8=K 1K;> 2845=85 7>;>B>3> <0;LG8:0, ;560I53> C :>@=59 45@520. -B0 ?>A;54>20B5;L=>ABL ?>:07K205B, GB> @515=>: AD>@<8@>20;AO 2 15AA>7=0B5;L=><; 70B5< 2>7=8: A;54CNI89 2>?@>A: 0 GB> A;CG8;>AL 70 452OBL <5AOF52 ?5@54 B5< 2845=85<? =0 @8A>20;0 :0@B8=C, ?>:07K20NICN A;520 3@C4C F25B=KE 8 3;04:8E (4@03>F5==KE) :0<=59, C25=G0==CN A5@51@O=K< 7<55<, :@K;0BK< 8 :>@>=>20==K<.  A5@548=5 :0@B8=:8 AB>8B >1=065==0O 65=A:0O D83C@0, 87 >1;0AB8 35=8B0;89 :>B>@>9 B>B 657<59 2>AE>48B : A5@4FC, 345 >= 2>73>@05BAO 2 ?OB8:>=5G=CN 3@0=48>7=> 2A?KE820NICN 7>;>BCN 72574C...  .=3 4>102;O5B: <59 A8<2>;878@C5B H8?OI55 2>AE>645=85 C=40;8=8, 8 2 9>35 MB> >B<5G05B ?5@2K9 <><5=B 2 ?@>F5AA5, 70:0=G820NI5<AO >1>65AB2;5=85< !0<>AB8, A878388 (82K 8 (0:B8. ( A=>A:5 >= 4>102;O5B: -B> =5 <5B0D878G5A:>5 CB25@645=85, 0 ?A8E>;>38G5A:89 D0:B) (1954, pars. 376-380). !5@4F5 O2;O5BAO F5=B@0;L=>9 B5<>9 B@0=AD>@<0F8>==>3> ?@>F5AA0. '0AB> ;N48 1>OBAO A5:AC0;L=KE M=5@389 2 8E 8=B5=A82=>9 2=5;8G=>AB=>9 D>@<5, ?>B><C GB> >BK3@K20=85 8E @07@CH05B ?@>F5AA >B:@KB8O A5@4F0. 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